激光烧蚀皮革过程中的废气成分研究

皮革在激光烧蚀过程中会产生大量具有恶臭气味的有机废气,严重影响空气质量。为了评估该类型气体危害,分别利用紫外可见分光光度计和气相色谱-质谱联用仪,检测了天然皮革和人造革在激光烧蚀过程中的废气成分。结果显示烧蚀天然皮革所产生的废气中含有NO、NO2、SO2、二氨基丙烷和丙烯酸甲酯,烧蚀人造革所产生的废气中含有NO、NO2、甲硫醇、二硫化碳、乙二醇、二甲基二硫醚、丙二醇、乙二醇二甲醚和硫代乙酸甲酯。其中,甲硫醇、二硫化碳、二甲基二硫醚和乙二醇二甲醚都是产生恶臭的有机成分。研究为该类型废气的治理提供了基础数据和依据。     

HPLC-ICP-MS在植物有机硒形态分析中的应用现状

植物是人们摄取硒的主要来源,富硒植物中富含可开发利用的有机硒,我国湖北恩施高硒地区富硒植物资源丰富亟待开发利用。植物中硒的形态分析是研究开发富硒植物资源的基础,而高效液相色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(HPLC-ICP-MS)是目前硒形态分析使用最为广泛的技术,它在样品的前处理、分析灵敏度、准确性等方面均具有优势,可以实现富硒植物中含硒生物大分子、硒形态以及与氨基酸结合位点及机理的分析。因此作者综述了植物样品的预处理过程,介绍了HPLC-ICP-MS联用技术在测定植物硒形态及其应用方面的研究成果,为我国富硒植物、富硒产品中硒形态的分析测定、开发富硒植物资源提供指导。     

基于土壤气调查的废弃工业场地人体健康风险评估研究

土壤气采样和分析是蒸气侵入评估的一个常用的工具.以某废弃化工场地为研究区,采集污染区域10个点位处的土壤气（编号SG1至SG10）,并分析土壤气中的苯、乙苯、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯和三氯甲烷等挥发性有机物.根据测定的土壤气体浓度,结合Johnson ＆amp;Ettinger（J＆amp;E）侵入模型评估了该废弃场地土壤气中挥发性有机物侵入带来的人体健康风险.风险评估结果表明,SG5与SG6处非致癌风险指数大于1,而10个采样点位中有9个（除SG8处）的单一污染物可接受致癌风险均超过1.0E-6.相对于非致癌风险,致癌风险存在面更加广泛,同时程度也比较严重,在进行场地再开发之前需要考虑场地修复等风险管理措施.     

欧洲水管理实践对中国流域水环境管理的启示

针对流域水环境管理的顶层设计,Water Framework Directive（WFD）是一部具有法律约束力的水框架法令,已成为欧洲水环境管理的有效的工具,实现了流域水环境的经济和生态的协调、综合管理。综述了欧洲水框架指令WFD研究进展,介绍了WFD提出的背景、要点、编制路线图和相应WFD水环境管理经验,对了解和掌握国际先进的流域水环境管理经验和最新形势具有一定借鉴意义。     

公路项目环评中低时速单车噪声源强研究

由于缺乏低时速单车噪声源强估算模式,低等级公路项目噪声预测结果常与实际监测结果存在较大偏差。文中通过实测各车型车辆在低时速条件下时速和单车辐射声级(Lmax)数据,运用统计软件分析两者间的关系,并通过实测过往车辆数据进行验证。结果显示沿用《公路建设项目环境影响评价规范》(以下简称《06规范》)中的公式计算低车速源强可能会造成结果偏低,建议采用下列式子估算低车速单车噪声源强:小型车L=21.5 lgV+34.96(15≤V≤63),中型车L=10.4 lgV+59.29(15≤V≤53),大型车15≤V≤48(15≤V≤48)。     

宝鸡市经济增长与环境空气综合污染指数关系研究

文章以空气综合污染指数法分析了宝鸡市2006年-2011年的环境空气质量状况,分析结果表明宝鸡市环境空气质量逐年变好。以人均GDP为经济指标,以空气综合污染指数为环境指标,建立经济增长与环境空气质量之间的计量模型,进行环境库兹涅茨曲线实证研究。研究结果表明,宝鸡市经济增长和环境空气质量的关系符合库兹涅茨曲线"拐点"后的下降部分。证明该市2006年-2011年的环境空气质量与人均GDP处于良性发展状态。     

Fouling distribution in forward osmosis membrane process

Fouling behavior along the length of membrane module was systematically investigated by performing simple modeling and lab-scale experiments of forward osmosis （FO） membrane process. The flux distribution model developed in this study showed a good agreement with experimental results, validating the robustness of the model. This model demonstrated, as expected, that the permeate flux decreased along the membrane channel due to decreasing osmotic pressure differential across the FO membrane. A series of fouling experiments were conducted under the draw and feed solutions at various recoveries simulated by the model. The simulated fouling experiments revealed that higher organic （alginate） fouling and thus more flux decline were observed at the last section of a membrane channel, as foulants in feed solution became more concentrated. Furthermore, the water flux in FO process declined more severely as the recovery increased due to more foulants transported to membrane surface with elevated solute concentrations at higher recovery, which created favorable solution environments for organic adsorption. The fouling reversibility also decreased at the last section of the membrane channel, suggesting that fouling distribution on FO membrane along the module should be carefully examined to improve overall cleaning efficiency. Lastly, it was found that such fouling distribution observed with co-current flow operation became less pronounced in counter- current flow operation of FO membrane process.     

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14–C32fatty acids, C4–C9dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14–C32fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4– C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20–C32fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14–C18fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4–C9dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14–C32fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14–C18fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%–85% of the C20–C32fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%–95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.     

Expression of sulfur uptake assimilation-related genes in response to cadmium, bensulfuron-methyl and their co-contamination in rice roots

The responses of sulfur （S） uptake assimilation-related genes＇ expression in roots of two rice cultivars to cadmium （Cd）, bensulfuron-methyl （BSM） and their co-contamination （Cd＋BSM） were investigated by gene-chip microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR （QRT-PCR） technology. Treatments of Cd and Cd＋BSM induced expression of sulfate transporter and permease genes, and promoted sulfate uptake in rice roots. Cd＋BSM could alleviate Cd toxicity to cv. Fengmeizhan seedlings, probably due to Cd＋BSM promoting greater S absorption by seedlings. Cd and Cd＋BSM induced expression of sulfate assimilation-related genes, and thus activated the sulfur assimilation pathway. Cd and Cd＋BSM induced expression of phytochelatin synthase and metallothionein genes, and induced expression of glutathione S-transferases （GSTs）, glutathione synthase （GS） and S- containing antioxidation enzyme genes, which detoxified Cd2＋. It is suggested that （to cope with the toxicity of Cd, BSM and their co-contamination） the S uptake and assimilation pathway was activated in rice roots by increased expression of related genes, thus enhancing the supply of organic S for synthesis of Cd or BSM resistance-related substances.     

Beyond hypoxia：Occurrence and characteristics of black blooms due to the decomposition of the submerged plant Potamogeton crispus in a shallow lake

Organic matter-induced black blooms(hypoxia and an offensive odor) are a serious ecosystem disasters that have occurred in some large eutrophic shallow lakes in China. In this study, we investigated two separate black blooms that were induced by Potamogeton crispus in Lake Taihu, China. The main physical and chemical characteristics, including color- and odor-related substances, of the black blooms were analyzed. The black blooms were characterized by low dissolved oxygen concentration(close to 0 mg/L), low oxidation-reduction potential, and relatively low pH of overlying water. Notably higher Fe2+and∑S2-were found in the black-bloom waters than in waters not affected by black blooms. The black color of the water may be attributable to the high concentration of these elements, as black FeS was considered to be the main substance causing the black color of blooms in freshwater lakes. Volatile organic sulfur compounds, including dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, were very abundant in the black-bloom waters. The massive anoxic degradation of dead Potamogeton crispus plants released dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, which were the main odor-causing compounds in the black blooms. The black blooms also induced an increase in ammonium nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus levels in the overlying waters. This extreme phenomenon not only heavily influenced the original lake ecosystem but also greatly changed the cycling of Fe, S, and nutrients in the water column.